Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 NEET Chemistry deals with:

Aldehydes and ketones

They are functional isomers of each other and collectively called as carbonyl compounds (C=O).

Chemical properties of aldehydes and ketones

 Structure of Carbonyl group

 If we look at structure ,multiple bonds are seen. Therefore ,they will show addition reactions .

•   Oxygen being electronegative,attract electrons .

•     As a result, partial negative charge is acquired on oxygen and partial postive on carbon .

•     Therefore ,nucleophilic attack occur on carbon .So, in them common reactions that is seen is nucleophilic reactions.

•     The electronegativity is same but due to approach of attacking agent temporary transfer of electrons occur .

Types of reactions

•     - Nucleophilic addition reactions

•     - Nucleophilic addition reactions followed by loss of water molecule

•     - Oxidation reactions

•     - Reduction reactions

•     - Miscellaneous reactions

•     - Nucleophilic addition reaction

Relative strength of Aldehydes and ketones

On the basis of Inductive effect

• If the magnitude of positive charge is more on carbon atom ,then more readily it shows nucleophilic addition reaction .So, out of all members HCHO shows this reaction more readily as it has no alkyl group( electron releasing group) present.

• So, if we compare formaldehyde, ethanol and propanone, the order of their strength towards nucleophilic addition is:

• It can also be explained on the basis of Steric effect

• More the bulky groups attached, less space will be available for nucleophile to attack. Therefore, reactivity will be less. So, this can also be the reason to explain the trend.

• If we compare Benzaldehyde with any other aldehyde, its strength towards nucleophilic addition is less. The reason is due to delocalisation of electron that takes place. Therefore, the charge is not so intensified.

• Let’s show some nucleophilic addition reactions:

• Addition of HCN (Cyanohydrins are formed)

• If only HCN is used, the reaction is slow. So, the base is used that help in removing hydrogen ion from HCN and sets the nucleophile free. As a result, reaction becomes fast. The base reacts as shown below:

• If we carry out hydrolysis of the above compound, 2-methyl 2-hydroxy propionitrile, then the lactic acid is produced due to hydrolysis of CN group.

• If we heat lactic acid, in presence of sulphuric acid then the water molecule gets removed and acrylic acid is formed as shown:

• Addition of Sodium bisulphite (this reaction is used in separation of aldehyde and ketone)

• For aldehyde, the reaction goes in forward reaction and for ketone backside is favoured (as two methyl groups increase bulkiness and form unstable products). Note: diethyl ketone, acetophenone and Benzophenone will not undergo these reactions because of bulkiness.

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NEET Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids.

In this video, we will cover:

1. Structure of Carbonyl Group

2. IUPAC

3. Preparation of Aldehydes ( From Grignard reagent )

4. Preparation of Aldehydes ( From Stephen reduction )

5. Preparation of Aldehydes (From Alkenes )

6. Preparation of Aldehydes (Rosenmund’s reaction )

7. Preparation of Aldehydes (Aromatic Aldehydes )

8. Preparation of Aldehydes (Gattermann-KOCH synthesis )

9. Preparation of Aldehydes (Gattermann Aldehyde Synthesis )

10. Nucleophilic Addition Reaction (Additon of HCN )

11. Nucleophilic Addition Reaction (Addition of NaHSO3)

12. Nucleophilic Addition Reaction (Addition of Alcohols )

13. Nucleophilic Addition Reaction (Addition of Grignard Reagent )

14. Reaction with Ammonia Derivative

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