Chemical Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics Class 11 NEET Chemistry

Thermodynamics is a branch of chemistry that deals with energy, its forces & its inter-conversion.

According to law of conservation of energy the total energy change in the universe is constant however it can be converted from one form to another.

The simplest form of energy = Heat.
Terminology

1.Universe: - Entire part that surrounds us is called universe.

It has two part: System and Surrounding.

System: A part of universe that is under investigation.    

Surrounding: The part of universe other than system.

We have 3 basic types of systems:

    Open system: which can exchange energy and matter with surroundings.

For example: A cup with tea.

     Closed system: which can exchange energy but not matter with surrounding.

For example: Cup of tea with lid.

     Isolated system: which can neither exchange energy nor matter with surrounding.

For example: Tea in thermos flask.

     State of the system: The state of the system means the condition of the system which is described in terms of certain observable properties such as temperature, pressure, volume etc.

    State variables: The properties of the system are called state variables.
    State function: It is the property that depends upon initial and final states but irrespective of the path followed.

Example : enthalpy etc.

     Macroscopic properties: They are the properties that depend upon the bulk behaviour that is large number of chemical species.

Example: temperature , pressure etc.

These macroscopic properties are of two types:

1. - Extensive properties
2. - Intensive properties

  Extensive properties: They are those that depend upon the quantity of matter contained in the system not on the nature of substance.

        - Example:  internal energy, enthalpy etc.

Intensive: They are the properties that do not depend upon the quantity of matter contained in the system but depend upon the nature of substance.

          - Example: pH of solution, density, viscosity etc.

 - Please note the ratio of two extensive properties is always intensive.

• - Thermodynamic processes : There are different types of processes :
• - Isothermal: The process that occur at constant temperature.
• - Adiabatic: The process in which no heat exchange occur.
• - Isochoric: The process that occur at constant volume.
• - Isobaric: The process that occur at constant pressure.
• - Reversible process: The process in which all changes occurring in it can be reversed.
• - Irreversible process: The process that occurs only in given direction under given set of condition.
• - Internal energy: We know that every substance passes some energy since its origin.

Then the sum total of all the energies possessed by the system is internal energy.

1. - It is denoted by U.
2. - It is a state function.
3. - It is an extensive property.

 Now you know we can change internal energy of system by 2 ways:

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Thermodynamics NEET Chemistry NEET Chapter 6

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